Social Entrepreneurship and Business Ethics

Question: Examine about the Social Entrepreneurship and Business Ethics. Answer: Presentation: The target of the investigation is to build up a business enterprise plan for the chose lodging Moxy inn, which is a stylish inn brand under the Marriott gathering. The administration of the inn has chosen to introduce an entire screen to give an extra accommodation office to the visitor. The inn organization has chosen to utilize an innovation, which will pull in the sightseers in another way. The general neighborliness industry falls under the thought of the entirely serious market structure, and it is one of the blasting businesses over the world. The task will start the use of new innovation which, the clients will be profited specifically ways. Highlights of the item This piece of the investigation will assess about the particulars of the items. There are various types of extra highlights on which the visitors will encounter another thing. Usually the requests of the clients are not constrained and then again, at times it gets hard for the organizations to get the necessary interest satisfied with the assistance of the restricted assets (Huang et al., 2016). Clients are currently anticipating more advancement and innovativeness, alongside the various types of neighborliness offices. To satisfy the necessary interest of the customers the lodging authority has enhance another thing. It will permit the Moxy lodging position to give another experience to the voyagers in the inn with the assistance of the current advances. The thought is to introduce boards on the roof. There are sure authoritative objectives and targets, which an alternate association regardless of the idea of the business chooses, in the general administrative procedure. A definitive objective is to make an exceptional settlement experience for the visitors, and it will permit them to expand the general intensity of the business. The innovative field is developing at a quick pace and by utilizing; the current innovation will give the association a superior opportunity to build up specific thoughts, which will execute all the plans in the necessary way (Jones, Hillier Comfort, 2016). A portion of the extra advantages, which the visitors will involvement with the use of this specific thought, are reflected in the accompanying piece of the examination. The visitors will understanding by picking an appropriate example and various subjects. All the boards are associated as an enormous TV screen. The point of the inn business is to build the deals and benefit all the while. To build up an appropriate creative arrangement, there are some key qualities, which this specific lodging follows. Giving an extraordinary encounter to the clients with the utilization of the current innovation by following the pattern and the conduct of the clients are featured in the general procedure of building up a legitimate showcasing plan. Notwithstanding, there are two extra focuses, which on the association will be profited; one is to build up another objective market and to extend the general piece of the overall industry. Traits of the item This segment of the investigation will finish up what are the various types of key properties of this specific creative thought. The thought will tweak the necessities of the visitors and will permit all the visitors to encounter another thought (Kuratko, 2016). The showcase boards have various types of particulars dependent on the necessities of the clients. There are two essential elements of this specific plan. To start with, the board will show a topic, for instance, a topic of cloud on the roof. Simultaneously, customers can change the foundation without anyone else, for example, put a coconut tree on the sea shore, a journey on the ocean, etc. The subsequent choice will permit the clients to sit in front of the TV for instance football matches or motion pictures during their excursions. These highlights will give an interesting encounter to the clients. Solidness of the item The solidness of the item is fantastic. It is progressively critical to fulfill the requests of the clients by giving some imaginative thoughts. The essential thing in the accommodation business is to keep up the nature of the item and administration (Chen et al., 2016). Administration is one of the pivotal variables and it is an immaterial resource of the organization. In the cordiality segment, keeping up the nature of the administration gave matters a great deal. For this situation, the association in the investigation, Moxy Hotel performs various types of innovative work procedure to assess various types of thoughts by remembering the prerequisites of the clients. The organization underlines towards keeping up the nature of the item, alongside its strength. Nonetheless, the general thought is a lot of advanced. It requires legitimate upkeep methodology consistently. The visitor should be a lot of cautious towards taking care of, as it us comprised of glass. Dependability of the Product Since the mechanical upheaval started, new items and inventive thoughts have been showing up at a developing pace (Chell et al., 2016). The unwavering quality of yields has been expanded extensively to accumulate the developing requests, needs and prospect of the clients. Clients need confirmation that the item and the inventive thought created by an alternate business association will satisfy the necessities of the clients and simultaneously, it will keep going long in a proficient way (Simn-Moya Revuelto-Taboada, 2016). Notwithstanding, the unwavering quality of the items and administration pass on the idea of the adequacy, the accomplishment of activities and nonattendance of disappointments (Galai, Hillel Wiener, 2016). Marriott is one of the most eminent cordiality associations. The thought, which is created by this specific group, will give lifetime unwavering quality both in the idea just as in the items. Work process The thought of the work process will decide will decide the application just as usage of a legitimate showcasing plan, which incorporates appropriate establishment just as a legitimate upkeep process (Chang, 2016). The establishment part is one of the key segments in this specific business enterprise. The essential duty of the association is to discover an IT organization who will assume the liability of both establishment and support and establishment are similarly significant. Karisoft is the name of the association who will assume the liability of introducing and keeping up the IT activities of the association. Karisoft is one of the main Australian IT activities associations and are engaged with the significant IT tasks. The lodging authority has included numerous assets in this specific task. The chose association will perform both the establishment procedure and the upkeep procedure. The lodging authority has chosen to introduce the board on the roofs, which will give an extra advantage to the guests. The general friendliness part falls under the thought of the totally serious market structure as the alternatives of the guests are expanded. There are various types of key properties, which will feature about this imaginative thought. The double component of the imaginative thought will give another experience among the sightseers. It will assess all the vital factors on which the travelers will some extra offices alongside the essential friendliness offices gave by the inn. Be that as it may, by utilizing this specific assistance, the clients alongside the fundamental offices will have the option to extend the films on the highest point of the divider with the assistance of the introduced board in the roof. Reference List Chang, M. (2016). Enterprise your business plan.IEEE Engineering Management Review,44(1), 21-23. Chell, E., Spence, L. J., Perrini, F., Harris, J. D. (2016). Social enterprise and business morals: does social equivalent ethical?.Journal of Business Ethics,133(4), 619-625. Chen, P. J., Barber, N. A., Chan, W., Dr. Legrand, W., Okumus, F. (2016). Social business in hospitality.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,28(6). Galai, D., Hillel, L., Wiener, D. (2016).How to Create a Successful Business Plan: For Entrepreneurs, Scientists, Managers and Students. World Scientific. Huang, J., Li, W., Qiu, C., Yim, F.H.K. what's more, Wan, J., 2016. The effect of CEO worker administration on firm execution in the cordiality industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,28(5). Jones, P., Hillier, D., Comfort, D. (2016). Supportability in the neighborliness business: Some close to home reflections on corporate difficulties and examination agendas.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,28(1), 36-67. Kuratko, D. F. (2016).Entrepreneurship: Theory, procedure, and practice. Cengage Learning. Simn-Moya, V., Revuelto-Taboada, L. (2016). Reexamining the prescient ability of marketable strategy quality for new firm endurance utilizing subjective relative analysis.Journal of Business Research,69(4), 1351-1356.

Managing Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Overseeing Human Resources - Essay Example gement in a universal association includes a blend of exercises that keep up, create and draw in a powerful workforce required to accomplish the company’s destinations (Mathis and Jackson, 2007). Worldwide human asset the executives (IHRM) manages dealing with the ostracizes and manages how the exiles conform to the remote culture and the administration of an assorted workforce (Cieri and Et. Al., 2005). Associations need to set up a successful execution examination framework to build up the worldwide and ostracize supervisors. Worldwide execution examination is a vital procedure that encourages the worldwide enterprises to constantly improve their worldwide tasks through their workers by coordinating up to certain pre set goals. Universal Performance Appraisal (IPA) sets the reason for remuneration, prizes and advancements (Shen, 2010). The auxiliaries of the MNCs have various representatives of various nationalities which makes execution examination a basic errand. Workers i n the auxiliaries are the Parent Country National (PCN), Third Country nationals (TCN) and the Host Country National (HCN). TCN and PCN together are known as exiles. Parent Country Nationals are the residents of the nation to which the association has a place and they have a similar social foundation as the representatives in their corporate home office. They don't have any information about the host country’s culture, social and political conditions (Denisi and Griffin, 2005). Host Country Nationals are the occupants of the host nation where the organization works and they know about the neighborhood culture, social and financial conditions (Denisi and Griffin, 2005). Third Country Nationals are individuals who neither have a place with the parent nation nor to the host nation. They acquire decent variety the association and the association profits by their experience (Denisi and Griffin, 2005). Recruiting a blend of these nationals empowers more prominent joining, control a nd preparation of

plan ahead COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

plan ahead COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Our office will be closed in observance of the Thanksgiving holiday this Thursday and Friday.   If you are planning to visit us this week to drop off materials or to ask questions or simply to say hey, the Admissions Financial Aid Office will close at 2pm EST on Wednesday, November 27 and reopen on Monday, December 2 at 9am EST.   So please plan accordingly.   We would love to welcome you when we are here. If you call to leave a message or email, we will get back to you next week.  Due to the high volume of emails and voicemails we have received, it is taking us longer to address each concern We appreciate your patience     We are sensitive to the approaching MIA/MPA application deadline on January 6.

Mary Tudor Old And New Perspectives Essay - 1661 Words

Mary Tudor: Old and New Perspectives, is a new look at a woman that has been studied for decades. This book is a positive, and different, look on Mary Tudors reign as queen of England. This novel is composed of essays by ten different historians who analyze different aspects of Mary’s reign and provide new perspectives on it. The book is split into two sections, old and new perspectives. The first section, old perspectives, is a broader look of Mary’s reign and reputation after her death. The second section, new perspectives, looks closer at the details of her life. Susan Doran and Thomas Freeman argue in the beginning of the book that if Mary Tudor had lived ten years longer, her reign would have been looked at successfully, and England, Scotland, and most of Europe would be Catholic. They continue on to say that if she would have lived longer, Mary Queen of Scots would have ascended to the throne after her. This would have kept England catholic and there would have no t been aid to any protestant rebellions in Europe that came about during Elizabeth’s reign. Though this seems to be the argument in the introduction and the essays of Doran and Freeman, there lacks evidence of this in other essays. This argument, although it is based on fiction, sets the tone of the rest of the novel that Mary’s reign was not as bad as it is portrayed. Overall the novel is successful in conveying its message, but I did not enjoy the book. It is hard for me to read people’s opinions of whatShow MoreRelatedComparing Catherine II and Elizabeth I1900 Words   |  8 Pageswere permitted, the Free Economic Society was created, and a new tariff was put in to authorize the buying and selling of goods. She continued to improve Russia by creating an institute for the education of young ladies and founding Hermitage, which sponsored the creation of a Russian dictionary (Alexander). 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Essay on What is the Definition of a Hero - 520 Words

What is the Definition of a Hero? When one thinks of heroes, names such as Ghandi, Martin Luther King, and Mother Theresa often come to mind. These people had done a lot of favors, courage, helps, and more of things for the people who needed them. The true definition of hero is a man of distinguished valor. Bravery, courage, intrepidity, boldness, daring, and prowess in war are a hero’s characteristics. However a hero is understood to be different to everyone. Upon closer examination, many different qualities than these become apparent. The definition of heroism changes with the context and time. Heroes of the past are not necessarily heroes of present time and vise versa. A person can be a hero for saving the life of one or of millions.†¦show more content†¦Some individuals living in poverty with a determination to succeed work hard all of their lives to become what everybody doubted they could. Despite of their financial problems, drug and crime surroundings, or difficulties in the language skills, their desire to triumph fuels their persistence. Those who make it to success are the few living examples of the purest form of hero anyone can be. They are not only their own heroes but also the heroes of the poor children who dream of becoming like them someday. Anyone who influences anyone else by saving or helping save his or her lives can be a hero. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. changed the lives of millions of people by bringing justice to minorities. Mahatma Gandhi, one of the greatest heroes, led a nonviolent revolution to free his country. Even a parent can be a hero to his or her child by leading them in the right direction. All teachers are heroes when they make it their job to teach a child anything that will help them in life. You don’t have to go to great lengths by risking your life to make a difference in someone else’s life. There is no discretion to become a hero. 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Rumors, Deception and Heart Disease Essay

Rumors, Deception and Heart Disease Essay The exercise doesn't need to be done all at one time. Thus, the calories add up and we wind up gaining weight. A wholesome diet is vital, despite the individual risk of CVD. Balance diet and lifestyle like exercising is a great habit to prevent obesity. To stop critical heart trouble greatly decrease the quantity of fried fatty foods and trans-fat in your daily diet. Unavoidable causes of coronary disease, cardiac disease or coronary disease (take your pick concerning the name you wish to call it) In women the very first unavoidable source of heart disease is menopause. The sensation that numerous people experience when their heart muscle doesn't receive enough blood is known as angina, which is typically felt as a tight constricting feeling on the other side of the chest. Although there are times that it might also lead to develop a few other diseases like diabetes and obesity that may boost risk in heart issue. Distinct arteries supply various regions of the heart with oxygenated blood. If you're diagnosed with heart disease you can not have any baloney. Coronary heart disease is occasionally called CHD. It is the most prevalent type of heart disease. Most often when folks think of any sort of coronary disease they often consider the Coronary Artery Disease. Despite the fact that the heart proceeds to work, it's severely impaired. It is very important. In case the heart and other organs are becoming too little oxygen, the individual may begin panting. Totally free Coronary Heart Disease essay samples are offered on FreeEssayHelp with no payment or registration. CHD is the most typical kind of coronary disease in the usa, where it accounts for 370,000 deaths annually. Assessment of the effect of smoking on heart attacks makes it possible for us to realize that smoking influences the quantity of heart attacks people experience. It's correct that the majority of people even consume sugar unawares. Although there are nevertheless some men and women that are over using their hearts that may result in some important heart difficulties. The initial two sorts of treatment also can help stop the growth of Coronary Heart Disease. The actual individuals highly praise our essay help site. Heart Disease Essay and Heart Disease Essay - The Perfect Combination Health care promotion is regarded to be among the best variants to re-imagine the simple comprehension of the health care in the society. Assessment also includes the comprehension of the needs needed for addressing a problem and the evaluation of the potency of the chosen solution. Taking preventive measures like doing exercises, lowering blood pressure and eating healthy diets among others, is essential in lowering our likelihood of developing the disease. In the lack of timely guidance, a part of heart muscle cells die from a scarcity of food developing myocardial infarction. Tachydysrhythmias are an important concern in regards to heart rhythms being abnormal. A study indicates that not all fantastic fats are the same in regards to safeguarding your wellness. The principal idea of the medical care promotion isn't to convince individuals to doing something by way of the governmental releases, yet to help them make their choices on the grounds of the recommendations and personal comprehension of the issue. Thus, your capacity to improve your immune system may be impacted by your capacity to lower your tension and improve the expression of positive vs. negative emotional responses. For instance, health care system ought to be conscious of the instances of heart attacks and their connection to smoking. As part of the publication there's the possibility to rate the publication and supply comments.

Sociology and Family Structure free essay sample

This statement cannot be truer with regards to my family. Growing up in a close family is something that I will always cherish and something that both my parents were able to do as well. My nuclear family consists of my dad Rick who is 54, my mom Debbie who is 51, my sister Mary Rose who is 17 and me I am 21. We are a very close family, in fact we lived right across the street from one of my ncles and my grandma on my moms side my whole life. My dads parents were at the house almost every day and it is something that I will cherish forever. My grandfather on my moms side passed away when I was five and the rest of my grandparents passed away last year but I have memories of all them and their efforts made our family very strong and gave us strong ties, cultural heritage and a love that will always stay with my family. Although I am very close with my dads side of the family, I am going to compare my nuclear family with my moms nuclear family because my dad was an only child nd my mothers side is larger and I have taken more of the customs of my moms family. My moms family would be considered a bigger family in todays society but in terms of the time, when my mom grew up, her family was considered Just a little above the average size family. My Grandmother, Mary and my grandfather, James had six children all together. Rita is the oldest at age 78, then Theresa at age 70, then Jimmy who is deceased and died at age 55, then Anthony who is 65 now, George who is 58 and finally my mother Debbie who is 51. As it can easily be seen there is a arge age gap between the oldest and youngest child in the family. Something that is unique about my moms family is that my Aunt Rita was married before my mother was born. In todays society that is not usually the case and is something that would have been impossible in my family because there is only a five years age difference between my sister and l. Because my Aunt Rita and Theresa were so much older than my mother, they helped my grandmother a lot by taking care of my mother and as she stated, miour Aunt Rita and Aunt Theresa were Just like mothers to me, we had unique relationship because they were so much older than me. This is hard for me to understand because Mary and I are more like friends than anything and we help each other out because we are so close in age. One thing that my parents instilled in my sister and I is a strong connection to our ethnicity and our religion. The reason why is because my grandparents instilled the same thing into them. Every Sunday my parents, my sister and I go to church together at St. Johns Maronite Catholic Church and then we go to lunch together as a family. When my mother was younger she did the same thing with her family. In this now it has become a ritual for my sister and I too. Another thing that my grandparents instilled in their children are strong ties to their ethnicity. My grandparents on my moms side were both full blooded Lebanese. They were proud to be Lebanese and passed that on to their children and their children passed it on to my cousins and my sister and l. Coming from an ethnic home is something that I am proud of because our family is very close and we follow tradition within our culture. It is not unlikely to see my mother and her sisters making Lebanese dishes uch as kibble, grape leaves or lamb, on Sunday afternoons. This is something that my grandmother and her sisters did as well and the tradition has Just carried on, also my sister and my female cousins learned how to make these dishes as well so the tradition of cooking will carry on for more generations of our family. My grandfather worked at a steel mill and my grandmother did not have a Job, so my mothers family was in the lower middle class. But with six children it was very tough for them to spend money. It was not uncommon in that time for the mother of home to not work so it is understandable why my grandmother did not have a Job, she had to take care of the children, cook, clean the house and wash cloths, all the stereotypical things a house wife would do. My grandfather made about $40,000 a year, which is a good income but as stated above not enough to live comfortably with six children. Neither my grandmother nor my grandfather had anything above a high school education; in fact my Uncle George and my mother (two youngest siblings) are the only two in the family with a college degree. My grandfather knew he times were changing in the 1960s and a college degree would be needed to get a good Job and made it a point for my Uncle George and my mother to attend college although they were forced to commute due to the financial situation. With all this in mind it is time to compare my mothers family with my own. Both of my parents work, in fact my mother has a larger income than my father. My mother is a principal in the New Castle School District and my father is a Lawrence County Commissioner. Both of my parents have a college degree, my dad has a Bachelors degree and my other has both a Bachelors and Masters degree, this is interesting compared to my grandparents who did not even attend college. Together my parents make over $150,000 a year, which puts us in the upper middle class. Our financial situation is also made easier because we only have two children in the family compared to six. It is easily seen that intergenerational mobility has occurred; the distinctions in levels of income, occupational status, and education level are very different between the two generations. The gender roles in my mothers family were stereotypical roles for xample the men worked, cut the grass and performed outside chores, while the women cooked, cleaned, washed the dishes and did the laundry. My grandfather was a strict parent, my mom and her siblings had a curfew every night and had to perform the household tasks before they could even think about doing something fun. If the curfew was broke or the household tasks were not performed my grandfather would discipline them accordingly, my grandmother was the one who always would let them get away with breaking curfew and not doing the chores. My grandfather was also very particular about dinner, dinner was to be at five oclock very night and everyone was to sit around the table and eat together. This is an it and did the same thing with their families. In my mothers family, my grandfather was definitely the head authority in the household, which was common for the times my mother grew up in. My family is different than my mothers family in most of these respects. One thing that is different is the division of labor, no one in my family does any chores around the house because we hire others to do it for us, this is something that spoils us and something that I am not proud of but it is necessary ecause both of my parents work, my sister is busy with her high school activities and I am only home on the weekends. Another thing that is different is that my mother is more of an authority fgure in the household, especially when it comes to my sister and me. My father is more laid back and Just tries to explain to my sister and I what the difference is between right and wrong, he does this because thats how his mom and dad raised him whereas my mom grounds us or screams to get her point across, which is something she learned from my grandfather. The differences n the gender roles of the family deal with how my parents were raised and their occupations. Many traditions and customs have not changed from my grandparents generation to mine, customs such as going to church together, cooking and overall closeness will go on in this family for a long time because it is something that was instilled in my sister and I by my parents and we will instill it in our kids as well. But many things have also changed such as family structure, socioeconomic status, education levels, and authority structure. Family structure has changed because my family only has wo kids compared to the six kids in my mothers family. Socioeconomic structure has changed because my parents make more money and both of them work. Both of my parents went to college and received degrees whereas my grandparents only had high school diplomas. My mother is also more of an authoritative fgure than my dad because of the difference in how my grandparents raised my mother and father. It is interesting to look at the family from this prospective and realize that although many things remain the same in a family, many things do change as well.

Brazil Offset Program

The term offset is an English word that is used to mean compensate or the act of counterbalancing. Offsetting is used in various fields depending on the different scenarios.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Brazil Offset Program specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, it can be used in the business world when a person settles a debt. In this report however, offsetting will be discussed in the line of military, whereby a comparison between the Brazilian and UAE offset programs in the defense system will be made. In defense, an offset program is initialized with the aim of compensating the local industry with that from the foreign countries. In simple terms, an offset program entails getting defensive support from foreign contractors. â€Å"Offsetting provides an opportunity for purchasing governments to impose compulsory inward investment obligations on foreign suppliers† (Dempsey, 2011, p.1). Among t he many nations that have the offset programs is Brazil, which is located in South America. Despite the fact that Brazil is a peaceful nation, it has been able to dominate armed forces from America (Mitra, 2009, p.1). â€Å"The underlying policy by the Brazilian government is that the nation should be able to provide enough security for its citizens without having to deploy security personnel from other nations† (Mitra, 2009, p.1). In a bid to achieve this goal, the Brazilian government has put in place funds to ensure that they purchase the latest military technologies from the foreign and expert countries like Japan. Research indicates that Brazil has been able to acquire the technologies â€Å"through such methods as licensed production, co-production and joint ventures although it has formally articulated its offsets policy quite recently† (Dempsey, 2011, p.1). In all the aforementioned methods of technology acquisition, transfer has been the main mode of acquiring the offset program in Brazil. The major aeronautic company known as Embraer Corporation having been established in the year 1969 has proved to be the best offsetting program in the military industrialization. This can be supported by the fact that Embraer has effectively absorbed and indigenized the foreign technologies as a way of offsetting the foreign deals.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition to this, Brazil has proved to significantly participate in the offsetting program through its importation of ammunition and the small arms that have been licensed in Italy, Britain, and Belgium among others. At the same time, Brazil is slowly becoming one of the leading manufacturers of firearms although it has not been given the authority to license them, hence using other nations that have the authority to do so. On the other hand, the UAE has also established an offset program th at is deemed to have been founded in 1992. Just like in Brazil, the offset program is aimed at establishing joint ventures at the local sector with those from international contractors and or members. Research done indicates that a high percentage of the UAE citizens have been able to become shareholders the public joint stock companies. This has in turn led to increased power in the offset programs of the UAE. The main achievement of the UAE offset program is the ability of the government to be able to easily purchase and supply goods and or services through the aid of the local agents within the region. With the main objective of the UAE Offset program being to diversify the economy of the UAE; this has been effectively achieved through enabling the ease and access of market and technology within the region and from abroad (Offset Program Bureau, 2011, p.1). As such, this has in turn created employment opportunities among the nationals of the UAE. Reference List Dempsey, A. (2011) . Don’t Fear the Offset. Web. Mitra, A. (2009). A Survey of Successful Offset Experiences Worldwide. Journal of  Defence Studies 3(1), 1-3. Web. Offset Program Bureau. (2011). Defense Contractor: Offset Guidelines. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Brazil Offset Program specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Brazil Offset Program was written and submitted by user Marcus U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Social class and educational opportunities The WritePass Journal

Social class and educational opportunities Introduction Social class and educational opportunities Introduction1. Social Class and Education2. The Right to Education3. The Notion Of Meritocracy  4. Education and Social Inequalities  5. Cultural and Social Capital6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Language Codes7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social Mobility8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Education, Markets, and Economy9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Opportunity TrapConclusionRelated Introduction Social class and educational opportunities is one of the most important issues of educational policy the last decades (Silver, 1973). This essay provides me the opportunity to analyze the relation between social class inequalities and education and to highlight that nowadays education cannot overturn inequalities. The first section of this essay is an attempt to define social classes and to give information about education the previous century, the second section is about the human rights in education, the third section gives useful information about the notion of meritocracy, the next section of this essay is about the findings of sociology of education about the educational inequalities, the next two sections explore the theories of cultural and social capital, and the theory of language codes, chapter seven is about the issue of social mobility which is associated with the equal opportunities of education, chapter eight is about the connection the connection between education and markets and economy. The last chapter is about the problem of ‘opportunity trap’.    1. Social Class and Education It is quite important to analyse the concept of social class before we go into the procedure of analysis of this topic. There are structures that delimit the circumstances and restrict human behaviour in which individuals are socialized and they are transformed to social beings, the first attempt of identification of these structures was the theory of historical materialism (Hickey, 2000). Marx and Engels were the first who had tried to analyze the structure and the struggles of social classes in the European capitalism of the 19th century (Hickey, 2000). According to Marx: ‘‘classes are large groups of people differing from each other by the place they occupy in historically determined system of social production, by their relation to the means of production, by their role in the social organisation of labour, by the dimension of the share of the social wealth of which they dispose and their made of acquiring it’’ (Hill: 172). Moreover, Frederick Engels who had tried to create an adequate theory to Marxism had claimed that social classes could be realised as a complex interaction based on three key aspects, social and economic background and political power, the extent of social mobility defines social class boundaries, class is not the only reason which causes tha social differentiation, in some situations political power and social background determine the social standing more than social class (Hickey, 2000). Another approach of social classes based on the works of Weber, he believed that economic power is one of the most important factors which guides the construction of social classes, and that there is a connection between life chances, possession of goods and property and all of them are guided by the strict regulations of market exchange (Johnston, 2007). On the other hand, definition of social class is quite difficult. According to Bourdieu: ‘‘class and class fraction is defined not only by its position in the relations of production, as identified through indices such as occupation, income or even educational level, but also by a certain sex-ratio, a certain distribution in geographical space (which is never socially neutral) and by a whole set of subsidiary characteristics which may function, in the form of tacit requirements, as real principles of selection or exclusion without ever being formally stated (this is the case with ethnic origin and sex). A number of official criteria in fact serve as a mask for hidden criteria: for example, the requiring of a given diploma can be a way of demanding a particular social origin’’ (Bourdieu, 1984: 96). It is obvious that society is divided into social classes, there are people who have economic, social, and political power and people who live under conditions such as poverty. There is an inequality of opportunities among different social classes, those from the lower they do not have the same opportunities in many aspects of social life such as education. This is obvious if we consider that before the mid-20th century and the explosion of equal opportunities theories individuals from the lower social classes do not have equal opportunities (Young, 1961). However, the last decades there was an attempt education to become more democratic and it is considered as a public good.   According to Hodgson (1998): ‘‘education is no longer the exclusive preserve of a particular social class or the select few’’ (Hodgson, 1998: 8). 2. The Right to Education The Supreme Court of United States in 1954 claimed that: ‘‘ [i]n these days, it is doubtful that any child may reasonably be expected to succeed in life if he [or she] is denied the opportunity of an education’’ (Hodgson, 1998: ). We can assume that education offers people the opportunity to live a better and successful life, and all people should have the right of access in education. As a result, many governments and global organisations try to raise the rates of access in education and to help people from the lower social classes to have equal opportunities. Many Covenants and Conventions have taken place around the world targeting on the promotion of equal opportunities in education. In 1948, ‘The Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ (UDHR) has stated that: ‘‘Article 26   Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit’’(un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml). In 1950, ‘The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms’ has stated that: ‘’First Protocol, Article 2 No person shall be denied the right to education’’ (http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=005CL=ENG). In 1966, the ‘International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ has stated that: ‘‘Article 13 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The States Parties †¦ recognize the right of everyone to education 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To achieve [ing] the full realisation of this right: a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Primary education shall be compulsory and available free to all b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Secondary education in its different forms, including technical and vocational secondary education, shall be made generally available and accessible to all by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education’’ In 1989, the ‘Convention on the Rights of the Child’ has stated that: ‘‘Article 28 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   States Parties recognize the right of the child to education, and with a view to achieving this right progressively and on the basis of equality of opportunity, they shall, in particular: a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Make primary education compulsory and available free to all b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Encourage the development of different forms of secondary education, including general and vocational education, make them available and accessible †¦ and take appropriate measures such as the introduction of free education and †¦ financial assistance c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Make higher education accessible to all on the basis of capacity’’ However, all of these are not policies, but international treaties, which help goverments to enact human rights to their countries. It is obvious that these treaties targeting on widening the access to education helping people from the lower social classes to have equal opportunities in education. Moreover, if we study the educational systems in many European countries we will realise that all of these treaties were almost fulfiled, the majority of European countries have established compulsory education between the ages of 5 to 16 years old and compulsory education is free of charge (http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/education/eurydice/eurybase_en.php). Furthermore, equal access to higher education is one of the most important dimensions of ‘Bologna Process’. According to London Communique in 2007: ‘‘Higher education should play a strong role in fostering social cohesion, reducing inequalities and raising the level of knowledge, skills and competences in society. Policy should therefore aim to maximise the potential of individuals in terms of their personal development and their contribution to a sustainable and democratic knowledge-based society. We share the societal aspiration that the student body entering, participating in and completing higher education at all levels should reflect the diversity of our populations. We reaffirm the importance of students being able to complete their studies without obstacles related to their social and economic background. We therefore continue our efforts to provide adequate student services, create more flexible learning pathways into and within higher education, and to widen participation at all levels on the basis of equal opportunity.’’(London Communique, 2007: 5).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is obvious that all of these treaties helped to the reduction of social class inequalities in education, and, as a result, many people can assume that we live in a society which is based on the notion of meritocracy.    3. The Notion Of Meritocracy   The notion of meritocracy assumes that every individual has the same opportunities in education and as a result is themselves which should be blamed for the failure in educational attainment, the concept of meritocracy is associated with liberalism which is rooted in Enlightment, liberalism constructs an aspect of society which is fair and egalitarian where people rise and fall and this function based on individuals merits, it represents a society which fair competition creates inequalities (Zamudio, Russel, Rios, Bridgeman,   2011). According to Young (1961): ‘‘Today all persons, however humble, know they have had every chance. They are again and again. If on one occasion they are off-colour, they have a second, a third and fourth opportunity to demonstrate their ability. But if they have been labelled ‘dunce’ repeatedly they cannot any longer pretend; their image of themselves is more nearly a true, unflattering, reflection. Are they not bound to recognize that they have an inferior status – not in the past because they were denied opportunity; but because they are inferior’’ (Young,1961, pp. 107-108). The fact that we live in the era of meritocracy make us think that differences in educational attainment between children from different social classes do not exist anymore, and all students have the same opportunities. However, there are some sociological approaches which claim that there are still substantial differences. 4. Education and Social Inequalities Although, there are policies that widening access in education, inequalities based on property and income very often determine educational attainment, it is obvious that students from the lower social classes have more chances and opportunities, however, there are still substantial differences (Hatcher, 2000). There are some sociological approaches which support that education is a mean of social reproduction. Education creates inequalities and the children from the higher social classes use the distinctions created by schools to reproduce and reassure   their position in the social structure (Tomlinson, 2005). Pierre Bourdieu had stated that the educational system plays an important role to the reproduction both of power and symbolic relations across social classes, education reproduces the existing social structures (Banks, 1971). School prepares students for the role that they should fulfil in the contemporary society and economy, as a result, the manipulation of educational system is quite important (Banks, 1971). Furthermore, Bowles and Gintis, had stated that differences in educational attainment between children from different social classes are attributed to the unfair distribution of resources and this is more important than the inequalities of the structural system of society (Cole, 1988). They believed that schools organisation promotes and support the reproduction and legitimation of inequalities, education prepares individuals for the capitalist economy and not for the expanded opportunities in their lives, education serves the capitalist economy and not the fair purpose of personal development (Bowles Ginits, 1976). School is one of the most important social institutions because it produces the next generations of workers, which some of them will have well-paid jobs and some students will not, as a consequence, produces the next generations of people that they will be placed in the higher social classes and people that they will be placed in the lower social classes reassuring the contemporary social structure and the capitalist economy (Hatcher, 2000). Education it is used by the higher social classes to reassure and secure their dominance over the lower social classes, people from the lower social backgrounds do not have the opportunity to influence policies and to be the main beneficiaries of them (Reay, 2001). We can assume that the notion of meritocracy is just   a myth because it does not examine some factors which cause inequalities such as capitalism, class, racism and patriarchy, equal opportunities in education act as an equalizer of inequalities but the notion of meritocracy and liberalism avoid to examine the contradictions that take place between this belief and the reality of inequalities in education (Zamudio, Russel, Rios, Bridgeman,   2011). Although, many governments have tried to eliminate social class inequalities in education, many students from the lower social classes do not have equal opportunities. There are some sociological theories such as the theory of social and cultural capital, and the theory of language codes which highlight   the educational inequalities.   5. Cultural and Social Capital The social and cultural capital of students is a very important factor which enhances the inequalities in education. There are some sociologists who have tried to shed light on this issue with the theory of social and cultural capital (Bourdieu 1986, Coleman 1988, Hargreaves 2001). According to Bourdieu (1986), cultural capital has three forms, the objectified,   the embodied and the institutionalized state. The embodied state deals with the culture and the cultivation, and cannot be direct transmitted and depends on the investor’s personal investment (Bourdieu, 1986). The objectified state deals with the possession and access in cultural goods such as books and pictures and the institutionalized state deals with the original properties of cultural capital such as educational qualifications (Bourdieu, 1986).   In the field of education cultural capital is quite important because according to Bourdieu (1973): ‘‘academic success is directly dependent upon cultural capital and on the inclination to invest in the academic market’’ (Bourdieu, 1973: 96). Moreover, children from the higher social classes feel familiar with the school, they have better communication with the teachers and much more chances to succeed in school whereas the children from the lower social classes do not feel comfortable in school because the environment in school, is totally different with the environment in their homes (Dumais, 2002). On the other hand, social capital is connected with the possesion and participation in a durable network based on institutionalized relationships of recognition, these networks provide to their members the ‘credential’ which render them capable of crediting in the various aspects of the social world (Bourdieu, 1986). The size and the connections that they take place in this network play an important role when we refer to the volume of this kind of capital, individuals that participate could have benefits from the connections with other individuals, in the form of cultural, symbolic and economic capital, howerer the reproduction and maintance of social capital demands a continuous effort of sociability (Bourdieu, 1986). Moreover, Coleman (1988) he claimed that the only way to define social capital is by its operation, social capital is consisted of some different entities which they have two similar elements, the fact that they contain some perspectives of social structures, moreover, they support and make easier some certain actions within the social structure which are taken place by the individuals, social capital exists among the structural connections among individuals or corporate individuals, it comes from the changes among the relationships between actors that help and support certain actions (Coleman, 1988). Furthermore, according to Hargreaves (2001), social capital can be understood as a both private and public good, its private form is quite important because helps individuals to succeed in their lives, as a public good is an essential component to the creation of communities, it helps people to create social groups and networks and when the social capital of these groups and networks becomes strong renders the participants capable of resolving much more easier their collective problems (Hargreaves, 2001). These aspects of social and cultural capital render us capable of understanding, up to a point, the reasons of social class inequalities when we talk about equal opportunities in education. For example, the theory of cultural capital help us to realize that children form families with high cultural capital have access to cultural goods and of course their parents with their knowledge guide them and help them to succeed in school and university. In addition, there is also more interaction between the members of a higher social status family and children participate in conversation with adults whereas in the lower social status families, children do not participate actively in discourses with adults, as a result, these children should build alone their construction of reality (Banks, 1971). It is obvious that education promotes these inequalities because there are not any effective educational policies which target on the elimination of cultural and social capital differences. Students with high social and cultural capital, have more chances to succeed in education. School’s culture represents the culture of the higher social classes and educational systems reinforce these inequalities (Dumais, 2002). 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Language Codes Apart from, the theories of social and cultural capital, there is another form of social class inequalities which promotes inequalities in education. The theory of language codes which based on the works of Basil Bernstein. Bernstein had tried, to connect the class differences in educational attainment with the class differences in the way which the different social classes use   the language (Banks, 1971). In the late 1950’s and 1960’s Basil Bernstein had tried to give an explanation to the low school performance of children from the working class and this attempt was based on the theory of language codes (Silver, 1973). Bernstein had stated that there are two different language codes, the restricted code which usually is used from the ‘working class’ families and the elaborated code that frequently used from the middle and higher social class families (Banks, 1968).   Although, the majority of working class children used the restricted code the official language of school is the elaborated one, and this is obvious that affect badly the school performance of students from the lower social classes. This is obvious if we consider that when children go to the primary school, there are some students who already know how to speak and write the language of the school, as a result, there is a gap in the school performance between these students and the students who are not familiar with this language. Students who know who to write and read have more chances to do well in school. Unfortunately, there are not any educational policies to reverse these inequalities. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social Mobility The lack of policies which target on the elimination of inequalities in education, affects social mobility. The connection between education attainment and social class is very important and substantial because it correlates with the social mobility (Boudon, 1974), and it is obvious that the notion of social mobility would not have existed if social inequalities had not taken place in our society. According to, Aldridge, social mobility: ‘‘describes the movement or opportunities for movement between different social groups and the advantages and disadvantages that go with this in terms of income, security of employment opportunities for advancement etc ’’ (Aldridge, 2001: 1). Although, educational attainment improved across all the individuals from different classes, substantial differences according to social backgrounds still exist (Fitz, Davies, Evans, 2006). Social origin determines individuals destination and that it is obvious when we think that people with the same qualifications do not have frequently similar class destinations (Fitz, Davies, Evans, 2006). The connection between social origin and educational attainment is extremely strong,   there are four factors that determine this connection, firstly, the poverty, very often prevents children from the lower social classes to succeed in education because they do not have enough money to buy for example, their books, secondly, family plays an important role because it is very common for the families from the lower social classes not to have many expectations from their children when it comes to education, thirdly, the neighbourhood is very important factor because the social groups that people participate in are quite important, moreover, school-based factor determine in many cases the connection between social origin and educational attainment, because some schools do not have the appropriate funds to provide to their students qualitative education (Miliband, 2003). It is obvious that social inequalities reduce the chances of social mobility, students from the higher social classes have more chances to have better educational careers and qualifications from students from the lower social classes (Shavit Blossfeld, 1993), although, the existing notion of meritocracy and the educational reform and policies that have taken place the last decades.   On the other hand, the ideas of equality of opportunities which are related to liberalism and meritocracy, helped many people from the lower social class to have different class destinations, especially, the 1960’s, because until then education was privilege of the higher social classes (Tomlinson, 2005). However, a lot of students especially those from the lower social classes have not the same opportunities. Although, our society based on the notions of liberalism and meritocracy, there is a link between social class and educational attainment, prevent them from any chance of social mobility. It is obvious that without social mobility, inequalities based on social class will not be reduced. Moreover, nowadays, there is a connection between education and economy, as a result, inequalities become more obvious. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Education, Markets, and Economy As it was mentioned before, the notion of meritocracy is associated with liberalism (Zamudio, Russel, Rios, Bridgeman,   2011), this happens because it suits with the current, free market policies and theories (Crawford, 2010). Nowadays, education is an important factor because promotes and enhances the competitiveness and the economic productivity (Ball, 2008). The global economic competition has change dramatically the function and the purpose of education, education should prepare students to meet the demands of economy, the assumptions of economish clearly determine educational systems (Ball, 2008). Moreover, education should improve individual’s skills, it should create a productive workforce according to the theory of human capital (Tomlinson, 2005) which suggests that education and ability are crucial factors for individuals, because highly skilled people are more productive and as a result they can find a better job in the job market. We live in the era of ‘knowledge economy’. This idea firstly introduced in a book of Drucker (1966) which called ‘The Effective Executive’, offering a clear description to the differences between the duties of a worker that work in his era, and the duties of a worker in the knowledge economy (Ball, 2008). The whole educational system should ensure and promote a base of specialised workers with the appropriate skills flexible and lifelong learning methods should replace the traditional methods supporting the idea of ‘knowledge economy’ (Ball, 2008). Tony Blair in   a speech when he was a Prime Minister (1997-2007) confirmed the important role of education as a mechanism of economic policy, however, the first sings of the forthcoming connection between education and economy appeared in 1976, when the Prime Minister James Callaghan stated that schools should prepare students for the needs of employers (Ball, 2008). As a result, those who had been excluded from their right to education have not many chances to find a well-paid job, students from the lower social classes do not have the same opportunities in social mobility. It is obvious that without the appropriate educational policies, the connection between education and economy will make the inequalities in education much more obvious, reproducing the current social structure. However, as we have mentioned, nowadays, all people have more chances to succeed in education (Young, 1961), the majority of people have the right of access in education, but this, create another important social problem, the problem of the ‘opportunity trap’. 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Opportunity Trap Although, the negative effects of the capitalist economy and liberalism in education, it is obvious that all individuals have typically the same opportunities in education. There is a wide access in every educational level regardless the social origin of individuals. The massive higher education, and policies that are targeting on the knowledge economy, enhance the notion that individuals have the same opportunities, social and economic policies render education as a crucial factor of delivering social justice and global prosperity (Brown, 2006). People have a lot of expectations from education because as we have mentioned those with higher human capital have more chances to find a good job, as a result, there is an increasing positional competition because people try to find alternative ways to avoid the social congestion around some of the most famous and well-known schools, and universities (Brown, 2006). However, these alternative ways such as private tutors, it raises the requirements that are appropriate to enter universities or employment, this is called ‘opportunity trap’ (Brown, 2006). The relations between nation-state, capitalism, and democracy are the roots of the opportunity trap, the expansion of higher education made people   believe that they have the same opportunities but the labour market is not possible to go with the high expectations of individuals and as a result, inequalities become stronger and stronger (Brown, 2006). As a result, some basic levels of income and employment should be ensured by governments because this is crucial factor of social justice,   however, the educational reforms did not seem to serve satisfactorily the needs of individuals and the needs of society (Tomlinson, 2005). A research that was conducted in 2010 by the ‘Hellenic Statistical Authority’(Index) provide us the opportunity to realize the issue of ‘opportunity trap’. The study of the unemployment rates the period between 2005 and 2010, make us capable of understanding the effects of ‘opportunity trap’. We can see that unemployment affects more young people, given, that the majority of them are probably have a university degree, however, it is difficult to draw reliable conclusions because unfortunately the ‘Hellenic Statistical Authority’ does not provide information regarding the level of their education and social origin. The fact that the majority of them at least have attended compulsory education because Greece has established compulsory education between the ages of 6 to 15 years old and the fact that it is sure that some of them have attended tertiary education help us to understand what it means ‘opportunity trap’. Although, it is obvious that a connection between the labour market and education is appropriate, governments did not achieve in giving a radical solution to this issue (Tomlinson, 2005). Moreover, unemployment affects the social cohesion, educational policies failed to connect labour market with education because these policies were partial and not well-organised (Green, Preston, Janmaat, 2006). Governments found it extremely difficult to connect job market with education (Brown, 2006). As a result, a lot of people face unemployment. We can easily realize that unemployment is a usual phenomenon to those from the lower social classes, because those from the higher social classes have more chances to succeed in education and to have access in the best universities in the world. Thus, they can use all the advantages from their social, economic and cultural origin and together with their educational credentials to find a well-paid job. Conclusion It is obvious that although there is a growth in the rates of access in education this does not mean that there is a reduction in the relation between social class and equal opportunities (Husen, 1972). Economic and social background very often determines the opportunities in many aspects of social life (Boudon, 1974). The last decades several educational policies adopted to eliminate inequalities in education, which they targeted on the raise of the rates of access in education, but they failed because they did not take into account factors such as cultural and social capital and language codes which clearly affects school performance. Policy makers should realise that they should adopt policies which will help students from the lower social classes to overcome their problems. Moreover, they should understand that it is difficult equal opportunities to be achieved when the same education is offered to all students (Morris, 2002), educational policies should target on the elimination of differences between students from different social classes, and to help students from the disadvantaged social and economic groups   to have the same starting point with students from the higher social classes. Furtermore, the connection between education and economy makes inequalities even more obvious and powerful, people with the appropriate skills and knowledge have more chances to raise their earnings in the job market (Youn, 1988), as a result, people from the lower social classes do not have equal opportunities of social mobility. On the other hand, education itself is not a means of social reproduction. There is a lack of appropriate educational policies which will eliminate social class inequalities. According to Socrates, education can place people in their correct position in the society, helping them to realize the meaning of justice, education can make people capable of understanding what is the best for them and for the society (Spring, 2006), as a result, people will have the knowledge to overturn social class inequalities because education will equip them with the knowledge to tackle inequalities and it will help them to create a new, equal society. I firmly believe that education nowadays cannot eliminate inequalities, because policy makers have not adopted the appropriate policies, however, we cannot blame education that reproduces and maintains inequalities because if one day the appropriate educational policies will be adopted, we can hope for a better and more equal society.

Team and Teamwork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Team and Teamwork - Essay Example With the suggestions that teamwork increases business activities, there is no clear empirical support as to such evidence. However, according to managers and employees the effectiveness of teamwork is great (Allen & Hecht, 2004). There are numerous articles that state about the term team, which consists of two or more individuals, who are entitled to specific assignments and roles, and whose task is to perform interdependent tasks. However, being adaptable to numerous changes within the organization and outside it, they are able to follow and share a common goal. To work effectively together, team members should have specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes, such as the ability to monitor the performance of others, knowledge of own and teams responsibilities and a certain attitude toward being as part of a team. Such skills are crucial for teamwork. Moreover, according to the extensive research on teamwork showed that along with the skills necessary for the effective teamwork, there also should be a set of interrelated skills that assist performance of all the tasks of the organization. Teamwork differs from task work, for example, a surgical skill. However, teamwork and task work require teams to be effective in complex environments. In addition, knowledge and skill at the task are not enough in health care system for example. Teamwork depends on each team member’s ability to meet the needs of others, to be able to adjust to others actions and have a general realization of how a certain goal should be achieved (Baker,  Day &  Salas, 2006). It is also important to mention that skills are all individual acquisition of team members and can be opposed to team-level competencies. It means that team members bring personal skills to their teams engaging in the work. Competencies are not unique to the team.To bring up the positive and working environment within the team, there are many ways that leaders and team members can use to increase their contributi on. The first and the main factor are to have a responsible and effective leader of the task or the project. The person who is in charge should be not a micromanager and use its excessive power to dominate others. The ability to be tactful and to encourage others is important traits of the effective leader and should be a must. Such leader will be able to values each team member and everyone’s contribution to true consideration. There is also a need to invite a stakeholder in the task or a project because it will bring the team feeling of meaningfulness toward the people and sides engaged in the process. The other important factor for the team to work efficiently is to praise the team and its individuals as well. Every piece of work and every contribution should be appreciated and recognized in the form that each member would consider good for one. Some credit toward teamwork and its members will motivate people to more accomplishments.

The Bridge On The River Kwai Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Bridge On The River Kwai - Essay Example The dependent groups of Colonel Saito and Colonel Nicholson are the soldiers and the prisoners of the camp. There are also personal roles which are played with Colonel Saito. Each individual that is a part of the orders of Colonel Saito take place under the legitimate power style. Those who are under Colonel Nicholson are under the use of referent power. Each individual falls under Colonel Saito, despite what their power is, has to follow specific orders, directions and expectations. This is based on Saito regulating and controlling everything in his power. This is opposed to Colonel Nicholson, who tries to use the institutions and the regulations that are a part of the camp as his basis for power. His identity is based on him moving in with the different soldiers and going through the same suffering, specifically to serve the army and to continue to follow the desired regulations. The influence tactics that Colonel Saito uses with others that are considered as his peers are based on using the institution regulations and orders that are associated with the camp and the army. Acting on these regulations and representing the institution, rather than himself, allows the specific tactics to be used.

Exploratory Study of Kopitiam Business

Exploratory Study of Kopitiam Business A new breed of kopitiam (a coffee shop in local Chinese dialects) has gained popularity in Malaysia during the past few years. In fact, there are no less than a hundred different brands of kopitiam which can be found everywhere in Malaysia with little or no differentiation. In such saturated market, lowering the prices has become common strategy to attract customers, consequently, kopitiam business has been caught up in price wars and competing under the shrinking profit margin. Thus, it leads the business with nothing but bloody red oceans. However, there are limited studies in business strategies in kopitiam businesses. Therefore, this paper aims to bridge the gap by discusses a conceptual strategy approach, particularly, Blue-ocean strategy (BOS) in kopitiam businesses. Keywords: Kopitiam, Differentiation, Red Oceans, Blue-ocean strategy. 1.0 Introduction A new breed of kopitiam (a coffee shop in local Chinese dialects) has gained popularity in Malaysia during the past few years. However, the literature review suggests limited research attempts have been made in kopitiams business strategies. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to bridge the gap and it presented in four parts. The first part begins by reviewing the history of kopitiam in Malaysia. Following this, the second section reviews the new breed of kopitiam business in Malaysia. Lastly, the last two parts discusses the conceptual approach, Blue-ocean strategy in kopitiam and its untapped market respectively. 2.0 The History of Kopitiam 2.1 The Migration In nineteenth and twentieth century, British Imperialism had brought in diverse of people, mainly from China, India and Malay Archipelago. According to Kaur (2004), the growing economic opportunities in the region such as mineral and agricultural expansion were the pull factors to Southeast Asia during that time. In the colonial era of Malaya (before independent), British had introduced the practice of segregating economic activity along with racial lines such as Chinese migrant workers to work in the tin mines, Indian migrant workers to work in the rubber plantations and Malay Archipelago to work in the agriculture fields (Arif Abubakar, 2005). 2.2 The Hainanese Factor In 1900s, the main Chinese dialects groups in Malaya are Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew and Hainanese. According to Lai (2010) among the Chinese dialect groups, Hainanese were the late comers and the minority of migrant group. Due to the scarcity of job during that time, the other dialect groups would take any job offered or opportunity available. They became rubber tappers, seamen, cooks and just name to it a few. Most of them worked for the Europeans. In late of 1930s, Hainanese, individually or partnership, offers their personal skills such as culinary, service, housekeeping, and management skills which they learned from European households. They started to set up new concept of kopitiam (meaning coffee shop in local Chinese dialects) and involved in food and beverage related industries like coffee processing and food catering during that time. The growth fastiqium period for Hainanese distinct kopitiam were in the late 1920s to 1950s. Hainanese coffee merchants and kopitiam operators had developed their special method to roast the coffee beans and brewed the coffee (Lai, 2010). Some of them have their secret/special recipes which served as the key attractions to retain customers. In 1960s, the success of the kopitiam business had led the newcomers from other dialect groups to venture into this business. Subsequently, competition became more intense. 2.3 The Evolutions of Kopitiam Conventional Kopitiam, the basic formula was an outlet and simple menus. They served local coffee, toasted bread with margarine and kaya (a type of jam made of coconuts and eggs), half-boiled eggs and some traditional pastries. Prices were relatively cheap with a cup of coffee and other food charged which everyone could afford. In the past, the kopitiam sole proprietor dressed his white sweatshirt and stripped pajama pants making coffee. The kopitiam was a place as social centre where men could indulge eating, meeting, drinking and chatting on anything that came to mind, light or seriously in what had become known as coffee shop talk (Lai, 2010). Normally, it would be located in strategic location of the main street, village or neighborhood. According to Lai (2010), as populations grew rapidly, some of the kopitiam expanded into modest-sized eating shops in the more strategic location nearer to the towns, village, neighborhood or others. Proprietors sell both drinks and foods or solely drinks and rented out stall space to other food operators. It was the place that customers enjoyed their breakfast, lunch and dinner. Their target customers were industrial personnel, laborers, and residents. This kind of kopitiam set up remains until today. In the late twentieth century, new breed of kopitiam chains which trade on both modernized and nostalgia approach, started to emerge. The outlets are designed with old posters feature, vintage antiques and furniture to evoke a 1960s atmosphere (Euromonitor International, 2010). In the past few years, the popularity of new breed of kopitiam has begun in Malaysia. This brand new kopitiam emphasize eating experiences by offering value-added services like free Wi-Fi access, air-conditional environment and offered innovative breakfast and lunch set-meals and more choices on the menu to fulfill every level of consumers (Euromonitor International, 2009). To remain competitive, aggressive marketing strategies and management systems are implemented. They innovate and improve their kitchens technology for preparing foods and beverages (Lai, 2010). As such, kopitiam has gained the favour of young consumers to hang out at these outlets. 3.0 An Overview of New Breed Kopitiam in Malaysia Local food beverages (FB) face some challenges which are beyond the issue of rising cost of raw materials and shortage of workers but the scene with intense competition among the food service operators. This was mainly due to the low entry barriers and switching costs of buyers/suppliers. According to Selamat et. al. (2003), the entire Malaysia food industries make up from the total of 172,252 units of food service entities which consist of food stalls/kiosk and restaurant. In the new concept of kopitiam alone, there are more than 100 brands of new concept kopitiam in the market today. Statistically, the percentage of units/outlets growth in both independent and chained kopitiam accounted for 9.1 percent and 16.1 percent in 2008 respectively (Euromonitor International, 2009). Generally, the new breed of kopitiam entering the market by integrating the old fashioned of traditional kopitiam in a more trendy, hygenic, and air-conditioned environment. No doubt that the movement of these kopitiam has successfully created a new wave of eating experiences in Malaysia. However, there is little or no differentiation against one another in terms of (1) product offerings (i.e., coffee, bread toast, and other local authentic foods) are nearly the same from one outlet to another regardless of the brand; (2) targeting the same group of consumers, for example, professionals, managers, executives, and business owners; (3) physical environment such as decoration was found to be the same among these outlets. Today, marketing tasks has become complicated and more challenging than ever. Businesses today are competing in fragmentation, saturation, and storm of novelty that exist every day in the market. In fact, when the industry become more intense, businesses will continuously increase their market share by identifying and creating niche market (Kotler Tiras De Bes, 2003); strive to retain and develop existing customers (Kim Mauborgne, 2005) which would result in finer segmentation. Thus, it ends-up creating too-small target market. Besides, the increase of commoditization of products and services leads consumer hardly to differentiate their product offerings. As a solution, reducing prices has become the common competitive strategy for kopitiam businesses as competition intensifies. According to Euromonitor International (2009) found that prices of offering items in cafes/bars (including kopitiam) will likely drop gradually. Thus, promotions such as value set breakfast and lunch with lower price can be easily found in these outlets. Commonly, we found that lowering the prices with the purpose to beat competitors, but, it is often not a wise strategy in business like kopitiam as every player can do the exactly same thing. Trout Rivkin (2000) illustrated that price is always the enemy of differentiation. Consequently, the above mentioned scenario will lead the business with nothing but a bloody red ocean. Red oceans stand for the industries that are around today. In the red ocean, the rules of the game are known as it had been around for ages. Thus, businesses tend to compete to get a bigger chunk of the pie. When this happens, the market space becomes smaller, resulting to a drain in profit and growth. As this prolongs, the stiff rivalry among the companies would turn to be a bloody red ocean (Kim Mauborgne, 2005). 4.0 Swimming towards Blue Oceans Kotler Tiras De Bes (2003) described the current market is not the same as compare to 1960s and 1970s. Typically, product is designed to fulfill consumer needs; however, consumer needs are hypersatisfied today. Kim and Mauborgne (2005) pointed that business strategies and management of the 20th century are becoming extinct as the business evolves in an industry that is changing to be a shade of red, the management has to be on its feet to think on how to make it ocean blue. Generally, blue oceans denote the new market space, new creation, and high probability for growth. Most of the blue oceans created within known markets but there are a few that are completely new industries rivalry among companies are not predominant in the blue ocean as there are no known rules to follow. Indeed, Kim Mauborgne (2005) describes the future of a company depends on how the management can create and use this new strategy. Besides, both authors indicate that 86 percent of launched business (improvement within an existing red-ocean market) which accounted 62 percent of total revenue and only 39 percent of total margins. On the other hand, the remaining of 14 percent launched businesses was in blue oceans (non-competing market space) which accounted to 38 percent of the total revenues and 61 percent of total profits. Apparently, the benefits of creating blue oceans are more promising. As more and more kopitiam will be trapped into red bloody oceans in this saturated market, hence, blue-ocean strategy is significant for the industry. Unfortunately, blue-ocean strategy is literally new to Malaysias businesses. Even though, many CEOs are aware of the existence of blue-ocean strategy but they have yet to fully understand and adopt the strategy to their businesses (as cited in Yap and Ang, 2007). Most recently, an interview session with Kotler on Getting savvy in newer media, narrated: They [Asian marketing professionals] need to improve their strategic capabilities with Blue Ocean thinking and Lateral Marketingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Companies that employ Blue-ocean strategy use innovation to find uncontested blue oceans of opportunities that their competitors have yet to discover, while lateral marketing requires companies to look beyond narrow, vertical segmentation and be creative to create fresh ideas and new markets. In response to such market, Kim Mauborgne (2005) provides set of analytical tools and framework in creating blue oceans. For example, both authors urge businesses to take a reverse course from focusing on existing customers to focus on noncustomers. By doing this, businesses are able to exploits new market space that never existed before. Air Asia, for example, a successful Malaysia low-cost airline that had identified a Blue Ocean to unlock the unaddressed market space by focusing on non-customers (i.e., the masses that cannot afford the expensive flight tickets and government employees) instead of customers (i.e., corporate and customers who can afford to buy expensive tickets) to avoid head on competition with Malaysia Airline (MAS) and other regional airlines (Lau, 2007). 5.0 The Untapped Market Knowing the nature of ones market is significant to business success. As such, the changes of cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors cannot simply be ignored in the fast-changing market. Friedman (2008) pinpoints that the world is heading to a new era called Energy-Climate Era whereas the world is currently facing three pitfalls namely, global warming, flattening, and crowding that affect all of us today. Hence, not surprisingly that sustainability has become a buzzword and being discussed by people from all walks of life. Even though, the sustainable practices are still hotly debated by both scholars and practitioners, but, this is a fundamental shift in how companies should function in this era. In fact, the contemporary environmental issue provides businesses the greatest prospect for return on investment and growth that never existed before (Friedman, 2008). However, going green is far more complicated than what we think. Numerous studies found that the main force for businesses being sustainable was mainly driven by legislation, marketing, and values (Gummerson, 1994). Typically, Malaysia is one of them from launching No-Plastic Day to stem duty exemption for green buildings and New Economic Model (NEM) that emphasize on economic growth and environment. No doubt, sustainable practices are still new to Malaysia, but, these new policies are important as a head start for Malaysia. As a result, several industries such as telecommunications, plantation, and real estate are taking different steps to balance between their business growth and sustainability. Unfortunately, sustainable practices with the initiatives to reduce food waste, water consumption, and energy consumption are literally new to the local FB industry. Revell Blackburn (2005) found that sustainability practices are considered as low priority because restaurateurs foresee their impact towards environment as insignificant. Besides, numerous studies found that low awareness of the environmental impact as one of the barriers to change (Hillary, 1995; Holland Gibbon 1997; Rutherfoorrd et. al. 2000). According to Consumer Association of Penang (2009), Malaysia restaurants discards more than 10 tons of left-over food daily with a total 490 tons carbon dioxide produced annually per restaurant. Even so, many restaurateurs have the attitude of wait and see on the environmental issues because they foresee the impact has yet to affect their business. Parsa et. al. (2005) denotes that inability to understand, anticipates, and adapt to the current market trend often lead to restaurant failures. As environmentally sustainable practices are important to todays consumers, hence, local FB industry such as kopitiam should take advantage of the opportunities by creating a win-win situation between the growth of business and sustainability of environment. Friedman (2008) indicates that, green is going from boutique to better, from a choice to a necessity, from a fad to strategy to win, from insoluble problem to great opportunity. Beside, Jogaratnam et. al. (1999) urges that restaurateurs should incorporate their business by adapting to the environmental changes and find ways to link with, respond to, integrate with, or exploit environmental opportunities. In summary, there is totally an untapped market from conventional kopitiam to sustainable or green kopitiam that emphasize on both growth and sustainability. 6.0 Conclusion There is a paradigm shift from traditional kopitiam to new concept kopitiam. The shifting has gained popularity among young generation, thus, more and more entrepreneurs venture into the business. Consequently, the business become intense and eventually turns the kopitiam business into red oceans. As such, businesses should take advantage of the blue open sea. Make itself impossible to be the target, isolate from possible followers at the same time lead them far away. The goal is to make the ocean theirs and prevent other competitors from invading it. Even so, in the long run there may be competitors that follow the same strategies making the pristine blue ocean red. The company would have to distance itself from the followers by changing their game plan to create another blue ocean.

And Then There Were None by Agatha Christie Essays -- Then There Were

And Then There Were None by Agatha Christie And Then There Were None, is an intriguing murder mystery novel that follows the lines of a poem called "Ten Little Indians". The story is intricately written to keep the reader in absolute suspense from the beginning to end. The novel involves eight people being mysteriously invited to spend a summer holiday on "Indian Island". Among the eight are a judge (Justice John Wargrave), doctor (Edward James Armstrong), military general (General John Macarthur), former inspector/current private detective (William Blore), mercenary (Phillip Lombard), young rich athlete (Tony Marston), religious woman (Emily Brent), and a schoolteacher (Vera Claythorne). Additionally, a married couple consisting of a butler (Thomas Rogers) and a maid (Ethel Rogers) are both already present on the island. With the exception of the Rogers', only the host, who is expected to arrive the next day, is absent. As the guests begin talking together, they discover that all of them were invited by a Mr. U.N. Owen. Wargrave surmises that their host's name is fictitious since it so closely resembles the word "unknown." The other guests agree, and tension begins to build. Another mystery is the fact that each of the guests has found a po em titled "Ten Little Indians" in each of their rooms, and mysteriously enough, it appears that there are ten small Indian statuettes arranged at the dinner table. It doesn't take long for each of the guests to realize that the poem and statuettes are representative for each of them. With passing of the first night's dinner, the group hears a mysterious voice condemning each one of them to a specific murder. A phonograph i... ...led, and even made comments to other guests that he was ready to die. In an absolute panic, Vera ends up killing Blore and then, not being able to deal with what is happening, she commits suicide. The last topic of discussion I found was the one pertaining to death. Death occurs continuously throughout the novel. After the guests realize that the other guests are not having mere accidents or killing themselves, they realize they are all going to die. With the exception of Wargrave, all of the island's guests die. Rather, they are all murdered. This was an exceptional novel, masterfully written to propel the reader into feeling the very same fears, doubts and suspicions as the characters. The only thing I didn't like was the fact that Wargrave is never found, nor is there a mention as to why his body is never found.